薄伽梵歌 14.5

Gunatraya Vibhaga Yoga · 中文翻译

薄伽梵歌 14.5 — "萨埵、罗阇与答摩,此三德乃自性所生,阿周那啊,将不可毁灭的受身者牢牢系缚于身体之中。"
薄伽梵歌 14.5 — Gunatraya Vibhaga Yoga
梵文

सत्त्वं रजस्तम इति गुणाः प्रकृतिसम्भवाः | निबध्नन्ति महाबाहो देहे देहिनमव्ययम् ||१४-५||

转写

sattvaṃ rajastama iti guṇāḥ prakṛtisambhavāḥ . nibadhnanti mahābāho dehe dehinamavyayam ||14-5||

这节经文是什么意思?

在这节经文中,克里希纳(Krishna)向阿周那(Arjuna)解释道,构成物质世界的三种基本属性——萨埵(Sattva)、罗阇(Rajas)和答摩(Tamas),皆源自原初自然(Prakriti)。这三德并非外在力量,而是直接作用于灵魂与身体的结合过程。克里希纳指出,正是这三种属性的相互作用,将不可毁灭的受身者牢牢地束缚在物质身体之中,从而导致了轮回的痛苦。

背后的教义

此经文属于数论(Sankhya)哲学与业瑜伽(Karma Yoga)的交汇点,核心在于阐述“三德”理论作为束缚灵魂的机制。它深化了克里希纳关于区分永恒灵魂(Atman)与非永恒物质自然(Prakriti及其产物)的智慧教导,指出解脱的关键在于超越这三德的支配而非消灭它们。

逐字释义
सत्त्वम् purity, रजः passion, तमः inertia, इति these, गुणाः alities, प्रकृतिसंभवाः born of Prakriti, निबध्नन्ति bind, महाबाहो O mightyarmed, देहे in the body, देहिनम् the embodied, अव्ययम् the,indestructible
古典注释
Sattva is the best. Rajas comes next. Tamas is the lowest and the worst. The three alities indicate the triple mentality. They produce attachment in the individual souls, delude them and bind them down, as it were, to Samsara. Just as the three conditions of childhood, youth and old age are found in the same body, so also the three alities inhere in the mind. The soul gets limited by identifying itself with body and the three alities. It is subject to birth and death and experiences happiness and misery, pleasure and pain, joy and sorrow till it realises its identity with the supreme Self. The word Guna is usually translated as ality. It does not signify property, attribute or ality, such as the blue colour of a cloth. Gunas are really the primary constitutents of Nature and are the basis of all substances. Therefore it is not proper to call them alities inhering in substances. If you want to attain freedom or perfection, if you wish to become immortal, you must rise above the modes of Nature. You must transcend the Gunas. If the water in the vessel is agitated, the reflected sun in the water also appears to be agitated through Pratibimba Adhyasa (superimposition of reflection on water). Even so the pure unchanging Self appears to be bound by the alities of Nature through superimposition. In reality the Self is ever free and untainted. It is beyond them. The Gunas which are only forms of ignorance are ever dependent on the knower of the field. They bind, fast, as it were, the knower of the field. They have him as the basis of their existence. A knowledge of the Gunas and their operation is very necessary. Only if you have this knowledge can you free yourself from their clutches. Mahabaho Mightyarmed with strong and sinewy arms reaching down to the kness. This is a very auspicious sign. Yogis and sages have such beautiful arms. These three Gunas are present in all human beings. No one is free from the operation of any one of the three alities of Nature. They are not constant. Sometimes Sattva predominates at other times Rajas or Tamas predominates. Sattva has the characteristic of effulgence. It is also harmony and goodness or purity. Rajas is passion or activity. Tamas is inertia or darkness. Analyse all phenomena in terms of these three. Know their characteristics. Stand as a witness of these alities. Do not identify yourself with them. Separate yourself from them. Become a Gunatita. You will attain Supreme Peace, immortality and eternal bliss. (Cf. XIII.22)

发生在何处

此节经文出自《博伽梵歌》第十四章,背景是俱卢战场上的库鲁克谢特拉(Kurukshetra)。此时克里希纳刚刚结束了对阿周那关于灵魂不朽性和职责的论述,开始深入剖析物质自然的运作机制。面对阿周那因战斗责任而产生的困惑与恐惧,克里希纳指出这种束缚感并非来自敌人或命运的不公,而是源于内在受三种自然属性(Gunas)影响的心理状态。

今日应用

在现代工作中,当一个人面临职业选择时,这三种德性会清晰显现:萨埵让你追求技能提升和道德正直;罗阇驱使你为了职位晋升而焦虑竞争、熬夜加班;答摩则让你在困难面前感到麻木、拖延或自我怀疑。理解这一点有助于我们识别当下的情绪是源于内心的真实渴望还是被物质属性裹挟的暂时反应,从而在做决定时保持清醒,不被短暂的激情或惰性所绑架。

儿童解释

想象一下,你正在玩一个巨大的角色扮演游戏,而你的角色被三种不同的颜色光芒包围:一种是明亮的白色光(代表萨埵),一种是热情的红色光(代表罗阇),还有一种是沉重的灰色雾气(代表答摩)。这些光是由游戏世界本身产生的。虽然真正的你是自由的灵魂,但这三种颜色的光会像胶带一样把你粘在游戏中的身体上,让你觉得这就是你全部的样子,忘记了游戏的本质和自由。

每日省思

亲爱的朋友,你是否曾感到被情绪或环境紧紧缠绕?这首经文温柔地提醒你:那些让你快乐、焦虑或昏沉的力量只是自然的三种模式(Gunas),它们并非你的真实本质。真正的你——那个永恒的受身者(dehinam)——是超越这些波动的观察者,从未真正被系缚于身体之中。今天,试着在忙碌中退后一步,认出那份不被三德动摇的内在自由。

今日的修习

在静坐中,将注意力从身体的感官享受或情绪波动上移开,观察是谁在经历这些变化。默念阿周那的呼唤,承认那个超越三德(萨埵、罗阇与答摩)束缚的永恒自我,安住于那份不可毁灭的观察者的宁静之中。

核心教导

  1. 自性所生的三种模式
    经文指出萨埵(Sattva)、罗阇(Rajas)与答摩(Tamas)皆源自物质自然(Prakriti),而非灵魂本身。理解这一点是解脱的第一步,即区分短暂的物质属性与永恒的灵魂本质。
  2. 不可毁灭者的系缚
    尽管自我(Dehinam)是不可毁灭的,但三德却能在生命过程中将其牢牢束缚于身体和感官体验中。这种系缚并非物理上的锁链,而是心理与认知层面的认同错位。
  3. 超越模式的觉醒
    修行的目标不是消灭三德,而是通过智慧(Jnana)意识到自己并非这些模式的主宰者或受害者。当不再认同于萨埵的愉悦、罗阇的行动欲或答摩的惰性时,灵魂便自然回归其本来的自由状态。

主题

三德理论物质自然束缚灵魂与身体的区别自我认知业力瑜伽实践解脱之道

相关经文

2.473.3018.665.1913.20

接下来阅读

  1. 2.47 — 此节教导在履行责任时保持平等心(Samatva),是摆脱罗阇与萨埵对行动结果执着的直接方法,与本节的系缚主题紧密相连。
  2. 3.28 — 这节经文解释了智者如何认知物质自然的运作而不被其迷惑,进一步阐明‘三德’只是自然的活动,而非真我的属性。
  3. 14.20 — 作为第 14 章的总结,此节描述了当灵魂超越三种模式(Guna-atita)后的状态及解脱之路,是理解本节‘系缚’之后必然导向的境界。

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常见问题

什么是萨埵、罗阇和答摩?
这是构成物质自然的三种基本属性或能量模式。萨埵代表纯净、光明与智慧;罗阇代表激情、活动与欲望;答摩则代表惰性、黑暗与无知。它们共同作用,决定了我们在生活中表现出的性格和行为倾向。
为什么灵魂会被束缚在身体里?
根据这节经文,不可毁灭的灵魂(Atman)本身是自由的,但因为它与物质躯体结合后,受到了三种属性(三德)的强烈影响和迷惑。这些属性的活动产生了认同感,让我们误以为自己是身体而非灵魂,从而陷入了轮回的束缚之中。
如何从这三种属性的束缚中解脱出来?
解脱之道在于通过智慧(Jnana)认识到自己超越了三德的本性,并在行动中保持超然的态度(如第18章所述)。通过不执着于三德带来的快乐或痛苦,并专注于对神圣的奉献和冥想,个体可以逐渐摆脱它们的支配。
这节经文与阿周那的战斗有什么关系?
克里希纳在此解释,阿周那之所以感到恐惧、困惑和犹豫,是因为他被罗阇(对结果的渴望)和答摩(无知导致的退缩)所影响。通过理解三德的运作机制,阿周那是一个能够超越这些短暂情绪波动的人,从而能够履行他作为战士的达磨(Dharma)。
其他语言: 薄伽梵歌 14.5 →